美军第八集团军历史

TOTAL U.S. ARMY COMBAT CASUALTIES

美军战斗伤亡统计

 (Note: Does not include non-combat deaths nor USMC, USN or USAF combat casualties)

（注：不包括美军海军陆战队、美军海军、美军空军的非战斗伤亡数据）

KILLED IN ACTION                19,334

WOUNDED IN ACTION            77,596

DIED OF WOUNDS                    2,452

MISSING IN ACTION              3,778

DIED IN CAPTIVITY               2,436

TOTAL COMBAT CASUALTIES       107,757

战斗阵亡    19334人

战斗负伤    77596人

因伤死亡    2452人

失踪           3778人

被俘后死亡 2436人

总伤亡         107757人

 

History of the Eighth United States Army

美军第八集团军历史

The Eighth U.S. Army was officially activated in the continental United States on June 10, 1944, and ordered to the Pacific where, under the command of Lt. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, it earned the sobriquet of "Amphibious Eighth" while making more than 60 "island-hopping" assaults. It assisted in the liberation of the Philippines and on July 1, 1945, assumed control of the archipelago, bringing enemy resistance to an end. Eighth Army was being readied for the main assault on the Kanto Plain (Tokyo) of the Japanese main island, when V-J Day changed its mission. Along with the Sixth Army, EUSA provided the ground forces for the United States’ occupation of Japan. Occupational forces landed peacefully on August 30, 1945; first the northern portion and, after January 1, 1946, all of Japan came under EUSA's jurisdiction.

第八集团军于1944年6月10日在美国本土组建，后被派往太平洋地区，首任司令官是Robert L.艾克尔伯格中将。因为执行过超过60次“两栖蛙跳”作战行动，第八集团军也被称为“第八两栖集团军”。第八集团军参加了解放菲律宾的战斗，并于1945年7月1日彻底控制菲律宾群岛，结束敌人的抵抗。同时，第八集团军还做好了进攻日本本土的准备，直到日本宣布无条件投降，任务方告结束。战后，作为占领军与第六集团军一起进驻日本，并于1946年1月1日完全控制日本。

Part of Eighth Army's post-war duties included disarming Japanese military forces; destroying the nation's war making potential; conducting the trial of war criminals; guiding the defeated nation into peaceful pursuits and the democratic way of life; encouraging economic rehabilitation, local autonomy, and education and land reform; guarding installations; protecting supply routes and watching over government operations.

作为占领军，第八集团军的战后职责包括解除日军武装；摧毁日本战争潜力；管理战犯；引导日本进入战后和平状态；鼓励经济复兴，地方自治，教育改革和土地改革；保卫军事设施和供给线，并监督政府运行。

The Pacific Campaign had been hard, rough, and costly; the occupation of Japan was interesting, challenging, and varied. Eighth Army's next challenge would again be demanding and bloody. The Cold War between East and West was rudely shattered in the Far East on June 25, 1950. North Korean troops, spearheaded by Russian-built tanks, invaded the Republic of Korea. The United Nations demanded a halt to the aggression, then asked its members to aid South Korea. President Truman responded, on 25 June 1950, by directing General MacArthur to furnish Air Force, Navy and logistic assistance. This was promptly rendered, but north Korea's overwhelming strength quickly made it evident that only the commitment of outside ground forces could prevent an early conquest of South Korea by North Korea.

太平洋战争艰苦卓绝，伤亡惨重，而占领日本的行动也是复杂多变。此时第八集团军开始面临着下一个挑战——冷战。1950年6月25日，东西方的冷战在远东地区突然爆发——朝鲜军队以苏制坦克为先锋，突破边界进攻韩国。联合国决定制止此次入侵并号召其成员国协助韩国。杜鲁门总统于战争爆发的当天作出回应，指派麦克阿瑟将军向韩国提供空中、海上和后勤支援。尽管美国反应迅速，但是朝鲜军队势不可挡的攻势表明：只有出动地面部队才有可能阻止朝鲜对韩国的占领。

General MacArthur turned to the Eighth Army. Elements of the 24th Infantry Division entered Korea on June 30, 1950, establishing headquarters at Taejon. U.S. Army forward forces -- Task Force Smith -- were badly bloodied in a gallant, but disastrous, stand north of Osan on July 5 -- the first American ground engagement of the Korean War.

1950年6月30日，麦克阿瑟将军派遣第八集团军所属的第24步兵师主力进入韩国，并在大田建立指挥部。美军前锋——史密斯特遣队于7月5日在乌山（Osan）与敌人展开了惨烈悲壮的战斗，这意味着美军地面部队正式参战。

On July 6, the 25th Infantry Division was ordered to move to Pusan and, on that day, Lt. Gen. Walton H. Walker, who had succeeded Gen. Eichelberger in 1948, took command of U.S. Army forces in Korea. Temporary advance headquarters were established on July 7 at Taegu, and Eighth Army became operational in Korea by July 13. The north Koreans continued to push down the peninsula against the outnumbered American and scattered Republic of Korea defenders. The 24th Inf. Div., struggling tenaciously to slow the invaders, surrendered Taejon on July 21 in street-by-street, house-by-house combat. The division's forces were spread as far south as Taegu and its commander, Maj. Gen. William F. Dean, was missing in the battle for Taejon. Although defeated there, EUSA gained time to stiffen its resistance with the 25th and 1st Cavalry Divisions arriving to man sectors of the shrinking front.

7月6日，第25步兵师奉命开往釜山，同一天，于1948年接替Robert L.艾克尔伯格中将成为第八集团军司令官的Walton H. 沃克中将就任朝鲜半岛的美军总司令，其临时指挥部于7月7日在大丘成立，而第八集团军全军于7月13日参战。此时朝鲜军队正以绝对优势的兵力突破美军和稀松的韩国军队的防御，稳步向半岛南部推进。第24步兵师进行了艰苦卓绝的抵抗以期迟滞朝鲜军队的进攻步伐，7月21日，他们在已被重重包围的大田逐街逐屋地与敌人周旋。该师逐次抵抗至大丘，其师长 William F. 迪安少将在大丘的战斗中失踪。由于24步兵师在大丘的顽强抵抗，使得第八集团军有充足的时间派遣第25步兵师和第1骑兵师进入前线巩固防御。

EUSA, with the remaining ROK forces assigned to it, was moved into the southeast corner of Korea which became known as the Pusan Perimeter. General Walker declared that Pusan would be no Dunkirk: "The Eighth Army would stay in Korea until the invader was expelled from the territory of the Republic of Korea." Fighting off continued attacks all across the perimeter, the Eighth Army held and grew in strength .

在整编了残余的韩国军队后，第八集团军开进半岛的东南角——釜山防线。沃克将军宣称釜山不是敦克尔克：“第八集团军将一直坚守，直到侵略者撤出韩国领土。”面对朝鲜军队对釜山防线的全面进攻，第八集团军奋力抵抗。

On September 15, the X Corps, formed in Japan, poured ashore at Inchon in what is considered one of the world's outstanding tactical moves. It was the signal that Eighth Army had awaited. The next day, EUSA launched a general attack. The North Koreans resisted savagely for five days while United Nations Command air forces pounded their lines of communication and supply. Their defense crumbled, and EUSA achieved a breakout and was on the road northward. With UNC forces fighting inland from Inchon towards Seoul, the invader's line of retreat was blocked. The north Korean withdrawal became a rout; only disorganized remnants were able to reach north Korea.

9月15日，麦克阿瑟将军指挥X部队由日本出发成功登陆仁川——这被认为是世界上最杰出的战术行动之一。这也是第八集团军一直期待的信号。第二天，第八集团军便发动了全面反击，朝鲜军队顽强抵抗了5天，直到联合国军的空军重创了他们的通信和补给线。朝鲜军队开始溃退，第八集团军成功突破敌人的防线并开始向北进军。随着联合国军从仁川进攻并占领汉城，朝鲜军队的撤退路线被截断，撤退变成了溃散，只有少量残部回到了朝鲜。

A new phase had begun. On October 7, the 1st Cavalry Division pushed across the 38th Parallel, which Republic of Korea troops had breached several days before. Eighth Army drove northward in the west against demoralized resistance. X Corps, transported by sea to Wonsan, followed ROK troops up the east coast. On October 19, the north Korean capital of Pyongyang fell. ROK troops reached the Yalu River on Oct. 28. After pausing briefly to improve the logistical situation and regroup personnel, the UNC started a drive on November 24 to extend control over all north Korea. The next day, communist Chinese "volunteers" attacked across the Yalu in what Gen. MacArthur termed "a brand new war." The Eighth Army was pushed back by overwhelming numbers of fresh, well-equipped, and well-disciplined Chinese forces who used the mountains to their great advantage.

朝鲜战争的新一个阶段开始了。10月7日，第1骑兵师在击败朝鲜军队几天的抵抗后越过38线。第八集团军沿着半岛西部向北推进，沿途只遇到零星抵抗。X部队通过海运抵达元山，沿着东海岸追击朝鲜军队。10月19日，朝鲜首都平壤失陷，朝鲜军队于10月28日撤退至鸭绿江。经过短暂休整，联合国军于11月24日开始了旨在控制朝鲜全境的行动。第二天，中国人民志愿军跨过鸭绿江参战，麦克阿瑟将军称之为 “新的战争”。面对装备精良，训练有素的志愿军利用半岛山地有利地形的势不可挡的攻势，第八集团军开始后撤。